Ergot-derived smart drugs (Hydergine,
Bromocriptine)
by Robert Mason Ph.D.
Ergoloid mesylates, co-dergocrine, dihydroergotoxine, are all
a number of ergot derivatives that share a common ancestry,
because they all derive from a type of fungi that can be found
on rye.
This article evaluates three of the most proven and
commercially used ergots and seeing how they differ from one
another. In alphabetical order, they are bromocriptine
(pronounced brome-o-cript-teen), Hydergine, and
nicergoline.
Bromocriptine- THE MOST POTENT ERGOT
This semi-synthetic derivative of the ergo group of ergot
alkaloids is a dopamine receptor agonist (for those who like
precise detail it is a potent D2 agonist but also displays partial
action on D1 receptors) and a prolactin inhibitor.
Its first major anti-aging use is the enhancement of dopamine,
(a key brain neurotransmitter that undergoes an age-related
decline). Past the age of 40 it is estimated that on-average
the healthy person undergoes a dopamine decline of
approximately 13% per decade (Ward, Fowkes &
Morgenthaler). Accordingly, some neurologists have stated
that if we all live long enough we shall all become senile.
This is due to the fact that abnormally low levels of dopamine
(70% to 80% loss) are then diagnosed as Parkinsons
disease, hence protection and enhancement of the dopamine
producing neurons is a key strategy for anti-aging medicine.
Not surprisingly then, bromocriptine is used in conjunction
with other drugs (such as deprenyl and L-dopa) in the
management of Parkinsons disease, but anti-aging medicine
considers its preventative properties too.
Its second major anti-aging use is the inhibition of prolactin,
this hormone is one of the few that actually appears to
increase with age. Prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland
and its release is inhibited by bromocriptine.
Prolactin has been described as a fat synthesis hormone
because one of its primary functions is to trigger lactation
(milk production) and weight gain in pregnancy. In women,
bromocriptine has been used to help restore ovulation (the
process by which this action occurs is too complex to explain
for this small article) but it also helps to reduce serum
prolactin levels in men (although the precise role of prolactin
in men is unclear).
A further possible need to control age-related prolactin levels
is offered by some researchers who believe that prolactin is
an immune system suppressant.
Bromocriptine also affects the most famous of all pituitary
hormones- growth hormone (GH). Bromocriptine increases
growth hormone secretion in individuals with normal growth
hormone concentrations, but paradoxically suppresses GH
secretion in some patients with acromegaly (a condition of
excessive-production of GH). Studies indicate that
bromocriptine does not affect the release of any other anterior
pituitary hormones.
Due to its dopamine enhancement bromocriptine has even
been cited as an aphrodisiac, although little effort has been
made to study and confirm this action. There have been
several reports of better controlled orgasms and almost
orgasms before the real orgasm occurs. If any countries
allow for more medical categories such as weak orgasm
syndrome or perhaps clinical sex-drive loss then dopamine
agonists such as bromocriptine are going to receive a lot of
attention from the pharmaceutical manufacturers, especially in
the wake of Viagra sales.
Another interesting clinical study administered a component of
tobacco called DMBA to rats at a level where it is known to be
very effective in producing breast cancer. However, rats that
had been pretreated with bromocriptine completely avoided
any cancer development. Bromocriptine therefore appears to
also offer itself as a very potent free radical quencher.
One of the most recent studies indicates that bromocriptine
may be a candidate for the treatment of Type-2 diabetes. This
is because bromocriptine has been shown to suppress
lipogenesis and improve glucose tolerance and insulin
resistance.
One animal study suggested that a further action of
bromocriptine is to alter CNS (central nervous system)
regulating metabolism and as such has another important use
in helping to prevent weight gain (this would be in addition to
its improvement of diabetic conditions).
Dosages, Side Effects, Contraindications
Bromocriptine is a very potent substance and it mustnt be
used by pregnant or lactating women unless under the
guidance of a physician. Side effects include nausea,
dizziness, lowering of blood pressure, hypotension and
confusion. The first three are relatively common, especially
when undertaking initial use. It is also known to increase
fertility, and thus extra care and contraception is advised
where necessary.
It does contraindicate with psychoactive and hypotensive
drugs and other dopamine enhancing drugs (such as deprenyl
and L-dopa etc) should only be administered concurrently
under a physicians guidance. Its effects can also be
exaggerated when combined with other ergots including
Hydergine and nicergoline.
Overall, there is little need to exceed a dosage in excess of
1.25mg or 2.5mg daily for most people unless treating a
serious medical disorder (and therefore only under a
physicians guidance). Bromocriptine has a wide and diverse
range of clinical applications, it should be considered to only
be an anti-aging medicine for the serious longevist.
HYDERGINE- THE MOST POPULAR ERGOT
Now we move onto one of the most popular and widely used
smart-drugs that has been in use for over 40-years-
Hydergine (pronounced hi-der-gene).
Hydergine has received only mild reviews whilst being used
to treat senile dementias, (although it is widely regarded to
have been used in dosages that were far too small for those
purposes). However, Hydergine presents itself as a
remarkable anti-aging medicine and a adjunct for the
treatment of age-related mental decline.
Hydergine is known to have all the following effects:
1.Increase blood supply to the brain.
2.Increase oxygen delivered to the brain.
3.Enhance metabolism of brain cells.
4.Protect the brain from insufficient oxygen supply.
5.Slow the deposit of the age pigment lipofuscin in the
brain.
6.Prevent free radical damage to brain cells.
7.Increase intelligence, memory, learning and recall.
Oxygen is unique in that it is both a free radical generator and
a free radical scavenger. At optimum concentrations, oxygen
neutralizes more free radicals than it produces. Either too
much or too little can upset the balance and generate the
production of free radicals, which in turn can lead to aging.
One of the major ways in which oxygen generates free
radicals is its reaction with unsaturated fats, a process called
peroxidation.
Unfortunately, our brain cells contain more unsaturated fats
than any other part of the body, therefore it is our brains that
are most susceptible to peroxidation. Here are some
conditions that can cause major peroxidation and the
formation of massive amounts of potent free radicals:
A.Heart attack.
B.Stroke.
C.Pollution (Carbon monoxide greatly reduces the oxygen
carrying ability of the blood).
D.Smoking cigarettes (Nicotine constricts blood vessels
and decreases oxygen supply to the brain. It is estimated
that those who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day lose
at least 7% of the normal blood flow to the brain).
Some European countries use Hydergine for emergencies
and accidents that involve shock, hemorrhage, strokes, heart
attacks, drowning, electrocution and drug over-dose.
Hospitals give Hydergine to patients before an operation in
order to gain time in case of any ensuing crises. This is
because Hydergine helps to stabilize brain oxygen levels, if
they are too high Hydergine lowers them, if they are too low
then Hydergine improves them. This was graphically
illustrated in a cat experiment.
Two groups of cats were anaesthetized and their brains
electronically monitored. The scientists reduced the brains
blood supply (and therefore oxygen supply). The cats in the
control group (i.e. no Hydergine ) had brain damage within
5-minutes and died within 15-minutes. However, the cats in
the pre-Hydergine treated group had strong brain wave
patterns up to 45-minutes later. This experiment proved two
things, firstly that a decrease in the normal oxygen balance
results in tremendous free radical damage and secondly that
Hydergine protects against this free radical damage when the
oxygen level is upset.
Hydergine has also been shown to increase the level of
neurotransmitters in the brain, whilst this may not be
significant enough for the treatment of senile dementia, such
action has implications and benefits for the treatment and
prevention of age-related mental decline.
There is also evidence that Hydergine stimulates the growth
of dendrite nerve fibers. Dendrites can normally be expected
to decline with aging and some scientists have associated the
number and density of dendrites with intelligence.
This decrease in brain cell connection has been hypothesized
to be due to an impairment in the energy supply at synaptic
regions. Because of Hydergines known ability to improve
nerve cell metabolism, a group of Italian scientists studied the
ultra-cellular features of synaptic mitochondria to see if
long-term Hydergine treatment could delay or prevent the loss
of synaptic connections.
The mitochondria are the intracellular powerhouses where
the universal energy molecule- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
is produced. The scientists found that the number of
mitochondria are greatest at about 12-months of age in rats
(equivalent to a 25-year old in human terms) and then
progressively decreases. However, the size of the
mitochondria increased progressively after 12 months. Thus
in young adult rats, the energy required at synaptic regions is
provided by a large number of small, highly efficient
mitochondria, whereas in old rats, energy is produced by a
smaller number of larger, less efficient mitochondria.
But, astonishingly after treatment with Hydergine, it can be
seen that the total mitochondrial volume of old rats was nearly
the same as the young rats. Furthermore, the mitochondrial
size was altered to a more youthful direction.
Like its ergot relatives, Hydergine has also shown itself to be
a mild vasodilator (it enhances brain blood flow) and improves
the uptake of the brain energy molecule- glucose. Hydergine
also reduces the accumulation of the age-related toxin,
lipofuscin.
Time and again, clinical trials indicate that Hydergine can
improve cognitive functions, mental alertness, clarity and
mood.
DOSAGES, SIDE EFFECTS, AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
With literally thousands of published clinical research papers
and Hydergines decades of use around the world, it has
proven itself to be nontoxic and relatively safe. Its potential
side effects include mild nausea, gastric disturbances and
bradycardia. It should be avoided by people who suffer from
psychosis, or those with low blood pressure or abnormally
slow heartbeat. Seek a health professionals advice if
combining Hydergine (at dosages in excess of 9mg per day)
with other ergot derivatives or vasodilators.
Most people do well at dosages of around 2.25mg to 4.5mg
per day with occasional breaks. The most common side effect
of stomach upset can be avoided with the use of specially
coated tablets (known as FAS) or sublingual liquid versions.
With its beneficial affects, mild side effects and few
contraindications, Hydergine is ranked as one of the most
important anti-aging medicines available today.
Nicergoline- THE LATEST ERGOT DERIVATIVE
Nicergoline (pronounced nice-er-go-lean) is perhaps the
latest commercially available variation of all the ergot
preparations. It has become most popular in Japan and
indeed many of its clinical trials have been performed there.
Nicergoline appears to be a potent vasodilator (improving
brain blood flow). On the cerebral level it prompts a lowering
of vascular resistance, an increase in arterial flow and
stimulates the use of oxygen and glucose. However, clinical
trials confirm that nicergoline also improves blood circulation
in the lungs and limbs and that blood platelet aggregation is
inhibited.
Studies also indicate that nicergoline does not affect arterial
tension and that in cases of patients suffering from
hypertension, it may induce a gradual lowering of the tension.
Its approved uses to date have therefore included all of the
following:
1.Migraines (of vascular origin).
2.Platelet aggregability and arterial hypertension.
3.Eye disorders (retinal thromboses, diabetic retinopathy
and macular degeneration).
4.Problems of a vascular nature (dizziness, auditory
problems, hypoacusis).
5.Treatment of senile dementias.
One interesting Japanese clinical study on rats showed that
nicergoline increases nerve growth factor in the brains of
aged animals, but it shows no statistical affect upon the brains
of young animals!
Further studies indicate that nicergoline can enhance
glutamate re-uptake and protect the brain against ischaemia
(lack of blood flow). This appears to be the main action of
nicergoline and it presents itself as a mild stimulant and
enhancer with long-term protection against brain disorders
that may be due to blood, glucose or oxygen deprivation.
NICERGOLINE- DOSAGES, SIDE EFFECTS AND
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Side effects are usually limited to nausea, hot flushes, mild
gastric upset, hypotension and dizziness. At high dosages
bradycardia, increased appetite, agitation, diarrhea and
perspiration have been known to present themselves.
Persons suffering from acute bleeding, myocardial infarction
or bradycardia should avoid nicergoline use. Persons using
alpha or beta receptor agonists (such as propranolol/ Inderal)
should not take nicergoline concurrently as nicergoline is
known to enhance the cardiac depressive effects. Nicergoline
is also known to heighten the effects of pharmaceutical
products that produce hypotension, such as other ergot
preparations in high doses (i.e. Hydergine and
bromocriptine).
Although not stated by the manufacturer, other potent
vasodilatation agents such as vinpocetine, xanthinol
nicotinate or picamilone should only be used concurrently
under the guidance of a physician.
Dosages for known conditions are usually administered at
5-10mg three times a day, however anti-aging preventative
purposes may want to consider 5mg once or twice a day more
adequate.
CONCLUSION
These three ergot preparations are all related and yet we can
see their differences in the results of their various clinical
studies. Each have differing strengths of reaction and indeed
different effects.
Fungis from rye were used by our ancestors for many
different reasons, some of them as rites of passage into
adulthood, most were considered to be mind-expanding.
Now we know many of the pharmacological actions and roles
they play in mental and memory enhancement and in the
slowing of age-related brain disorders.
Today, we understand that brain protection and enhancement
is a most important factor- if not the most important factor for
anti-aging medicine and successful longevity.
Bromocriptine)
by Robert Mason Ph.D.
Ergoloid mesylates, co-dergocrine, dihydroergotoxine, are all
a number of ergot derivatives that share a common ancestry,
because they all derive from a type of fungi that can be found
on rye.
This article evaluates three of the most proven and
commercially used ergots and seeing how they differ from one
another. In alphabetical order, they are bromocriptine
(pronounced brome-o-cript-teen), Hydergine, and
nicergoline.
Bromocriptine- THE MOST POTENT ERGOT
This semi-synthetic derivative of the ergo group of ergot
alkaloids is a dopamine receptor agonist (for those who like
precise detail it is a potent D2 agonist but also displays partial
action on D1 receptors) and a prolactin inhibitor.
Its first major anti-aging use is the enhancement of dopamine,
(a key brain neurotransmitter that undergoes an age-related
decline). Past the age of 40 it is estimated that on-average
the healthy person undergoes a dopamine decline of
approximately 13% per decade (Ward, Fowkes &
Morgenthaler). Accordingly, some neurologists have stated
that if we all live long enough we shall all become senile.
This is due to the fact that abnormally low levels of dopamine
(70% to 80% loss) are then diagnosed as Parkinsons
disease, hence protection and enhancement of the dopamine
producing neurons is a key strategy for anti-aging medicine.
Not surprisingly then, bromocriptine is used in conjunction
with other drugs (such as deprenyl and L-dopa) in the
management of Parkinsons disease, but anti-aging medicine
considers its preventative properties too.
Its second major anti-aging use is the inhibition of prolactin,
this hormone is one of the few that actually appears to
increase with age. Prolactin is produced by the pituitary gland
and its release is inhibited by bromocriptine.
Prolactin has been described as a fat synthesis hormone
because one of its primary functions is to trigger lactation
(milk production) and weight gain in pregnancy. In women,
bromocriptine has been used to help restore ovulation (the
process by which this action occurs is too complex to explain
for this small article) but it also helps to reduce serum
prolactin levels in men (although the precise role of prolactin
in men is unclear).
A further possible need to control age-related prolactin levels
is offered by some researchers who believe that prolactin is
an immune system suppressant.
Bromocriptine also affects the most famous of all pituitary
hormones- growth hormone (GH). Bromocriptine increases
growth hormone secretion in individuals with normal growth
hormone concentrations, but paradoxically suppresses GH
secretion in some patients with acromegaly (a condition of
excessive-production of GH). Studies indicate that
bromocriptine does not affect the release of any other anterior
pituitary hormones.
Due to its dopamine enhancement bromocriptine has even
been cited as an aphrodisiac, although little effort has been
made to study and confirm this action. There have been
several reports of better controlled orgasms and almost
orgasms before the real orgasm occurs. If any countries
allow for more medical categories such as weak orgasm
syndrome or perhaps clinical sex-drive loss then dopamine
agonists such as bromocriptine are going to receive a lot of
attention from the pharmaceutical manufacturers, especially in
the wake of Viagra sales.
Another interesting clinical study administered a component of
tobacco called DMBA to rats at a level where it is known to be
very effective in producing breast cancer. However, rats that
had been pretreated with bromocriptine completely avoided
any cancer development. Bromocriptine therefore appears to
also offer itself as a very potent free radical quencher.
One of the most recent studies indicates that bromocriptine
may be a candidate for the treatment of Type-2 diabetes. This
is because bromocriptine has been shown to suppress
lipogenesis and improve glucose tolerance and insulin
resistance.
One animal study suggested that a further action of
bromocriptine is to alter CNS (central nervous system)
regulating metabolism and as such has another important use
in helping to prevent weight gain (this would be in addition to
its improvement of diabetic conditions).
Dosages, Side Effects, Contraindications
Bromocriptine is a very potent substance and it mustnt be
used by pregnant or lactating women unless under the
guidance of a physician. Side effects include nausea,
dizziness, lowering of blood pressure, hypotension and
confusion. The first three are relatively common, especially
when undertaking initial use. It is also known to increase
fertility, and thus extra care and contraception is advised
where necessary.
It does contraindicate with psychoactive and hypotensive
drugs and other dopamine enhancing drugs (such as deprenyl
and L-dopa etc) should only be administered concurrently
under a physicians guidance. Its effects can also be
exaggerated when combined with other ergots including
Hydergine and nicergoline.
Overall, there is little need to exceed a dosage in excess of
1.25mg or 2.5mg daily for most people unless treating a
serious medical disorder (and therefore only under a
physicians guidance). Bromocriptine has a wide and diverse
range of clinical applications, it should be considered to only
be an anti-aging medicine for the serious longevist.
HYDERGINE- THE MOST POPULAR ERGOT
Now we move onto one of the most popular and widely used
smart-drugs that has been in use for over 40-years-
Hydergine (pronounced hi-der-gene).
Hydergine has received only mild reviews whilst being used
to treat senile dementias, (although it is widely regarded to
have been used in dosages that were far too small for those
purposes). However, Hydergine presents itself as a
remarkable anti-aging medicine and a adjunct for the
treatment of age-related mental decline.
Hydergine is known to have all the following effects:
1.Increase blood supply to the brain.
2.Increase oxygen delivered to the brain.
3.Enhance metabolism of brain cells.
4.Protect the brain from insufficient oxygen supply.
5.Slow the deposit of the age pigment lipofuscin in the
brain.
6.Prevent free radical damage to brain cells.
7.Increase intelligence, memory, learning and recall.
Oxygen is unique in that it is both a free radical generator and
a free radical scavenger. At optimum concentrations, oxygen
neutralizes more free radicals than it produces. Either too
much or too little can upset the balance and generate the
production of free radicals, which in turn can lead to aging.
One of the major ways in which oxygen generates free
radicals is its reaction with unsaturated fats, a process called
peroxidation.
Unfortunately, our brain cells contain more unsaturated fats
than any other part of the body, therefore it is our brains that
are most susceptible to peroxidation. Here are some
conditions that can cause major peroxidation and the
formation of massive amounts of potent free radicals:
A.Heart attack.
B.Stroke.
C.Pollution (Carbon monoxide greatly reduces the oxygen
carrying ability of the blood).
D.Smoking cigarettes (Nicotine constricts blood vessels
and decreases oxygen supply to the brain. It is estimated
that those who smoke more than 20 cigarettes a day lose
at least 7% of the normal blood flow to the brain).
Some European countries use Hydergine for emergencies
and accidents that involve shock, hemorrhage, strokes, heart
attacks, drowning, electrocution and drug over-dose.
Hospitals give Hydergine to patients before an operation in
order to gain time in case of any ensuing crises. This is
because Hydergine helps to stabilize brain oxygen levels, if
they are too high Hydergine lowers them, if they are too low
then Hydergine improves them. This was graphically
illustrated in a cat experiment.
Two groups of cats were anaesthetized and their brains
electronically monitored. The scientists reduced the brains
blood supply (and therefore oxygen supply). The cats in the
control group (i.e. no Hydergine ) had brain damage within
5-minutes and died within 15-minutes. However, the cats in
the pre-Hydergine treated group had strong brain wave
patterns up to 45-minutes later. This experiment proved two
things, firstly that a decrease in the normal oxygen balance
results in tremendous free radical damage and secondly that
Hydergine protects against this free radical damage when the
oxygen level is upset.
Hydergine has also been shown to increase the level of
neurotransmitters in the brain, whilst this may not be
significant enough for the treatment of senile dementia, such
action has implications and benefits for the treatment and
prevention of age-related mental decline.
There is also evidence that Hydergine stimulates the growth
of dendrite nerve fibers. Dendrites can normally be expected
to decline with aging and some scientists have associated the
number and density of dendrites with intelligence.
This decrease in brain cell connection has been hypothesized
to be due to an impairment in the energy supply at synaptic
regions. Because of Hydergines known ability to improve
nerve cell metabolism, a group of Italian scientists studied the
ultra-cellular features of synaptic mitochondria to see if
long-term Hydergine treatment could delay or prevent the loss
of synaptic connections.
The mitochondria are the intracellular powerhouses where
the universal energy molecule- ATP (adenosine triphosphate)
is produced. The scientists found that the number of
mitochondria are greatest at about 12-months of age in rats
(equivalent to a 25-year old in human terms) and then
progressively decreases. However, the size of the
mitochondria increased progressively after 12 months. Thus
in young adult rats, the energy required at synaptic regions is
provided by a large number of small, highly efficient
mitochondria, whereas in old rats, energy is produced by a
smaller number of larger, less efficient mitochondria.
But, astonishingly after treatment with Hydergine, it can be
seen that the total mitochondrial volume of old rats was nearly
the same as the young rats. Furthermore, the mitochondrial
size was altered to a more youthful direction.
Like its ergot relatives, Hydergine has also shown itself to be
a mild vasodilator (it enhances brain blood flow) and improves
the uptake of the brain energy molecule- glucose. Hydergine
also reduces the accumulation of the age-related toxin,
lipofuscin.
Time and again, clinical trials indicate that Hydergine can
improve cognitive functions, mental alertness, clarity and
mood.
DOSAGES, SIDE EFFECTS, AND CONTRAINDICATIONS
With literally thousands of published clinical research papers
and Hydergines decades of use around the world, it has
proven itself to be nontoxic and relatively safe. Its potential
side effects include mild nausea, gastric disturbances and
bradycardia. It should be avoided by people who suffer from
psychosis, or those with low blood pressure or abnormally
slow heartbeat. Seek a health professionals advice if
combining Hydergine (at dosages in excess of 9mg per day)
with other ergot derivatives or vasodilators.
Most people do well at dosages of around 2.25mg to 4.5mg
per day with occasional breaks. The most common side effect
of stomach upset can be avoided with the use of specially
coated tablets (known as FAS) or sublingual liquid versions.
With its beneficial affects, mild side effects and few
contraindications, Hydergine is ranked as one of the most
important anti-aging medicines available today.
Nicergoline- THE LATEST ERGOT DERIVATIVE
Nicergoline (pronounced nice-er-go-lean) is perhaps the
latest commercially available variation of all the ergot
preparations. It has become most popular in Japan and
indeed many of its clinical trials have been performed there.
Nicergoline appears to be a potent vasodilator (improving
brain blood flow). On the cerebral level it prompts a lowering
of vascular resistance, an increase in arterial flow and
stimulates the use of oxygen and glucose. However, clinical
trials confirm that nicergoline also improves blood circulation
in the lungs and limbs and that blood platelet aggregation is
inhibited.
Studies also indicate that nicergoline does not affect arterial
tension and that in cases of patients suffering from
hypertension, it may induce a gradual lowering of the tension.
Its approved uses to date have therefore included all of the
following:
1.Migraines (of vascular origin).
2.Platelet aggregability and arterial hypertension.
3.Eye disorders (retinal thromboses, diabetic retinopathy
and macular degeneration).
4.Problems of a vascular nature (dizziness, auditory
problems, hypoacusis).
5.Treatment of senile dementias.
One interesting Japanese clinical study on rats showed that
nicergoline increases nerve growth factor in the brains of
aged animals, but it shows no statistical affect upon the brains
of young animals!
Further studies indicate that nicergoline can enhance
glutamate re-uptake and protect the brain against ischaemia
(lack of blood flow). This appears to be the main action of
nicergoline and it presents itself as a mild stimulant and
enhancer with long-term protection against brain disorders
that may be due to blood, glucose or oxygen deprivation.
NICERGOLINE- DOSAGES, SIDE EFFECTS AND
CONTRAINDICATIONS
Side effects are usually limited to nausea, hot flushes, mild
gastric upset, hypotension and dizziness. At high dosages
bradycardia, increased appetite, agitation, diarrhea and
perspiration have been known to present themselves.
Persons suffering from acute bleeding, myocardial infarction
or bradycardia should avoid nicergoline use. Persons using
alpha or beta receptor agonists (such as propranolol/ Inderal)
should not take nicergoline concurrently as nicergoline is
known to enhance the cardiac depressive effects. Nicergoline
is also known to heighten the effects of pharmaceutical
products that produce hypotension, such as other ergot
preparations in high doses (i.e. Hydergine and
bromocriptine).
Although not stated by the manufacturer, other potent
vasodilatation agents such as vinpocetine, xanthinol
nicotinate or picamilone should only be used concurrently
under the guidance of a physician.
Dosages for known conditions are usually administered at
5-10mg three times a day, however anti-aging preventative
purposes may want to consider 5mg once or twice a day more
adequate.
CONCLUSION
These three ergot preparations are all related and yet we can
see their differences in the results of their various clinical
studies. Each have differing strengths of reaction and indeed
different effects.
Fungis from rye were used by our ancestors for many
different reasons, some of them as rites of passage into
adulthood, most were considered to be mind-expanding.
Now we know many of the pharmacological actions and roles
they play in mental and memory enhancement and in the
slowing of age-related brain disorders.
Today, we understand that brain protection and enhancement
is a most important factor- if not the most important factor for
anti-aging medicine and successful longevity.
